Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Paper

An arising problem in todays world is the destruction of the ozone layer because of the emissions and harmful gases that vehicles ar giving off. give ethanol or biodiesel. The next big thing in automotive fire may very well be enthalpy. Automakers rapidly are block in on making hydrogen dismiss cell vehicles an everyday fact of life, with several test models set to debut over the next some years. Hydrogen fuel cells to power vehicles are desirable, experts say, because hydrogen is a renewable fuel that can be used to create electricity to run cars.A chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen produces the electric power, and when pure hydrogen is used, the only emission from the tailpipe is harmless water vapor. Many people are asking, Why fuel cells? The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less than 20% economical in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into power that moves the vehicle, under normal driving conditions. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use elec tric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 40-60 percent of membrane to the other military position of the cell, the stream of negatively-charged electrons follows an external circuit to the cathode.You can read also Thin Film Solar electric cellThis flow of electrons is electricity that can be used to do work, such as power a motor. On the other side of the cell, oxygen gas, typically drawn from the outside air, flows through channels to the cathode. When the electrons return from doing work, they react with oxygen and the hydrogen protons (which have moved through the membrane) at the cathode to form water. This union is an energy-releasing reaction, generating heat that can be used outside the fuel cell. The early of hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles depends on advances in four areas the hydrogen source, the distribution infrastructure, the on-board fuel tank car and the on-board fuel cell.Hydrogen must be made from carbon-free renewable sources before fuel-cell vehicles c an make a dent in the climate problem. One conception is to make the hydrogen by splitting water using electricity from wind farms, or solar panels. Once the hydrogen is made, it must be distributed via special(prenominal) pipelines and tankers to an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations, which have yet to be created yet. Once in the tank, fuel cell vehicles must store nice hydrogen to go several hundred kilometers between refueling stops.Liquid hydrogen requires insulated tanks at -253*C. so most companies have chosen to compress the hydrogen interior high-strength carbon fiber tanks. The purpose of the fuel cell is to convert hydrogen to electric power. The challenge is to make it light, cheap, robust and durable yet powerful enough to run the engine, lights and air conditioning. Hydrogen fuel cells, while about twice as efficient as internal-combustion engines using gas, cost nearly 100 measure as much per unit of power produced, critics note. And hydrogen is exp losive.It ignites at a wider range of concentrations than natural gas and requires less energy to ignite, Michael D. Amiridis, chair of the chemical technology department at the University of South Carolina, told the Web site and gas-electric hybrid cars advocate hybridcars. com. Its scary you cannot see the flame, Amiridis said. Still, automakers are pushing ahead. What we can do from our side is to show that technology is in the first place feasible, and we have many corporate projects in this area, said BMWs corporate communications manager Andreas Klugescheid.Its North the States Engineering and Emission Test Center in California, for example, has been testing two BMW Hydrogen 7 prototypes that run on both hydrogen and gasoline, using a dual-fuel engine and two separate fuel tanks. With the push of a button on its steering wheel, the Hydrogen 7 can run on all hydrogen or gasoline. It can go 125 miles on its hydrogen mode and 300 on its gasoline mode, thus limiting the possib ility that its device driver might be stranded, given that theres only one hydrogen filling station in California, near Los Angeles.Along with the hydrogen fuel cells high efficiency (from 40-70%), the possibility of utilizing both heat and electricity from them will make a significant contribution to reducing atmospheric emissions. For example, a fuel cell operating at 60% efficiency would emit 35-60% less CO2 at the fossil fuel stage and 80% less from hydrogen. both GM and Honda are hoping to bypass concerns about the lack and cost of developing hydrogen filling stations by creating home hydrogen refueling devices that would accommodate cars to be refilled overnight in garages.Much of the push for hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles is aimed at putting the public at ease through demonstration models and projects Energy sources of the future will have to be cleaner and more efficient than current sources fuel cells fulfill these requirements. Several challenges remain before we will see wide-spread commercialization, mainly because of restrictions with size, cost, reliability and safety, but an environmentally-friendly source of power is definitely on its way.