A History of the Eiffel Tower

A History of the Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower is the most visually famous structure in France, perhaps in Europe, and has seen over 200 million visitors. Yet it wasn’t supposed to be permanent and the fact it still stands is down to a willingness to accept new technology which was how the thing came to be built in the first place. Origins of the Eiffel Tower In 1889 France held the Universal Exhibition, a celebration of modern achievement timed to coincide with the first centenary of the French Revolution. The French government held a competition to design an â€Å"iron tower† to be erected at the entrance to the exhibition on the Champ-de-Mars, partly to create an impressive experience for visitors. One hundred and seven plans were submitted, and the winner was one by engineer and entrepreneur Gustav Eiffel, aided by architect Stephen Sauvestre and engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier. They won because they were willing to innovate and create a true statement of intent for France. The Eiffel Tower Eiffel’s tower was to be unlike anything yet built: 300 meters tall, at that time the highest man-made structure on earth, and built of a latticework of wrought iron, a material whose large scale production is now synonymous with the industrial revolution. But the design and nature of the material, making use of metal arches and trusses, meant the tower could be light and â€Å"see-through†, rather than a solid block, and retain still its strength. Its construction, which began on January 26th 1887, was swift, relatively cheap and achieved with a small workforce. There were 18,038 pieces and over two million rivets. The Tower is based on four large pillars, which form a square 125 meters along each side, before rising up and joining into a central tower. The curving nature of the pillars meant the elevators, which were themselves a relatively recent invention, had to be carefully designed. There are viewing platforms at several levels, and people can travel to the top. Parts of the great curves are actually purely aesthetic. The structure is painted (and re-painted regularly). Opposition and Skepticism The Tower is now considered a historical milestone in design and construction, a masterpiece for its day, the start of a new revolution in building. At the time, however, there was opposition, not least from people horrified at the aesthetic implications of such a large structure on the Champ-de-Mars. On February 14th 1887, while construction was ongoing, a statement of complaint was issued by â€Å"personalities from the world of arts and letters†. Other people were skeptical that the project would work: this was a new approach, and that always brings problems. Eiffel had to fight his corner but was successful and the tower went ahead. Everything would rest on whether the structure actually worked... The Opening of the Eiffel Tower On March 31st, 1889 Eiffel climbed to the top of the tower and hoisted a French flag at the top, opening the structure; various notables followed him up. It remained the highest building in the world until the Chrysler building was finished in New York in 1929, and is still the tallest structure in Paris. The building and planning was a success, with the tower impressing. Lasting Impact The Eiffel Tower was originally designed to stand for twenty years but has lasted over a century, thanks partly to Eiffel’s willingness to use the tower in experiments and innovations in wireless telegraphy, allowing the mounting of antennas. Indeed, the Tower was at one point due to be torn down but remained after it began broadcasting signals. In 2005 this tradition was continued when Paris’ first digital television signals were broadcast from the Tower. However, since its construction the Tower has achieved a lasting cultural impact, first as a symbol of modernity and innovation, then as of Paris and France. Media of all sorts has used the Tower. Its almost inconceivable that anyone would try to knock down the tower now, as its one of the most famous structures in the world and an easy marker for films and television to use.

Free Essays on Adaptation Of Historic Costuming

Mesopotamia The Mesopotamians wore the use of tassels, fringe and wrapped garments. Today Harpers Bazaar shows the same style garments, which are now considered the â€Å"Winter Wonders† of the Fall/Winter collection in the 21st century. History of Costume, pg.19 Bazaar Magazine, Oct `02 pg.228 Pg.119 Egyptian Egyptians used a plain, basic yet classical style of sheer draping linen for their garments. In today’s fashion world we wear the same garments to awards ceremonies that are designed by the top designers of this today’s fashion industry. History of Costume, pg.40 In Style, Aug `02 pg.101 Cretan The Cretans were known for their open bodices and tiered skirts, the pictures that are shown above are the same type of garments designed for the 21st century, I think that the open bodices are becoming extremely popular along with the short skirts in today’s world of appeal. History of Costume, pg.63 Bazaar, Sept `02 pg.17 IN Style, Aug `02 pg.264 Grecian â€Å" It’s not about what you wear; it’s about how you wear it and interpret it,† Greek garments were made of fine linen that was very clingy to the body without being too revealing. Belting and blousing can shorten the Chilton; Christian Dior portrays this classic draping fashion. History of Costume, pg.83 Bazaar, Jul `02 pg.311 Oct `02 pg.253 Roman â€Å"This artfully draped dress is nothing short of a Greek myth.† That was a quote by a designer on this particular garment above. The roman toga is a about six to eight feet long, the garment often has many layers, a fine look that was adapted so long ago in the Romans era. History of Costume, pg.102 Elle, Jun `02 pg.111 Jun `02 cover Byzantine Britney Spears is wearing beautiful garments that are covered with jewels, embroidery and brocades, just as the Byzantines wore, although it was a sign a luxury then, in some ways I guess it still... Free Essays on Adaptation Of Historic Costuming Free Essays on Adaptation Of Historic Costuming Mesopotamia The Mesopotamians wore the use of tassels, fringe and wrapped garments. Today Harpers Bazaar shows the same style garments, which are now considered the â€Å"Winter Wonders† of the Fall/Winter collection in the 21st century. History of Costume, pg.19 Bazaar Magazine, Oct `02 pg.228 Pg.119 Egyptian Egyptians used a plain, basic yet classical style of sheer draping linen for their garments. In today’s fashion world we wear the same garments to awards ceremonies that are designed by the top designers of this today’s fashion industry. History of Costume, pg.40 In Style, Aug `02 pg.101 Cretan The Cretans were known for their open bodices and tiered skirts, the pictures that are shown above are the same type of garments designed for the 21st century, I think that the open bodices are becoming extremely popular along with the short skirts in today’s world of appeal. History of Costume, pg.63 Bazaar, Sept `02 pg.17 IN Style, Aug `02 pg.264 Grecian â€Å" It’s not about what you wear; it’s about how you wear it and interpret it,† Greek garments were made of fine linen that was very clingy to the body without being too revealing. Belting and blousing can shorten the Chilton; Christian Dior portrays this classic draping fashion. History of Costume, pg.83 Bazaar, Jul `02 pg.311 Oct `02 pg.253 Roman â€Å"This artfully draped dress is nothing short of a Greek myth.† That was a quote by a designer on this particular garment above. The roman toga is a about six to eight feet long, the garment often has many layers, a fine look that was adapted so long ago in the Romans era. History of Costume, pg.102 Elle, Jun `02 pg.111 Jun `02 cover Byzantine Britney Spears is wearing beautiful garments that are covered with jewels, embroidery and brocades, just as the Byzantines wore, although it was a sign a luxury then, in some ways I guess it still...

Innovative lifestyle self-management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovative lifestyle self-management - Essay Example is considered unique, one’s lifestyle could be considered innovative insofar as it is unusual in comparison to one’s peers or colleagues in the social circle. In this regard, I can honestly say that I practice a straightforward lifestyle focused on achieving my personal goals. Currently, my ultimate goal is to finish my studies and to prepare myself for a future career. It is only innovative in terms of the application of my study habits while trying to comply with responsibilities as a child, a friend, a colleague, a citizen, and a productive member of society. I have a talent for prioritizing activities that need to be accomplished. College education is basically voluntary and more expensive where students learn how to manage their own time. Students are expected to take accountability and responsibility for their academic performance through prioritizing compliance to requirements. More importantly, I am never apprehensive to seek much needed support (physical, emotional, and mental) as required in diverse scenarios. Timidity, pride, financial considerations, cultural diversity barriers, among others usually get in the way of availing academic support. I acknowledge that there are more benefits that would be derived from seeking ways and means to ensue that I stay in school until graduation than to allow barriers and hindrances to get in the way. Most often, I seek the right advice, at the right time, at the right place. Self-management, on the other hand, is defined as the ability to â€Å"manage one’s own emotions and be resilient in a range of complex and demanding situations.† (NHS, 1) Self-management is classified as strategic when it is planned and calculated to achieve a well-defined purpose. Self-management is only feasible and effective when one is in control of personal emotions and behavior given a variety of circumstances. In this case, the strategic self-management is directed to get a targeted job. The only complicating matter is that the

Japan's recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japan's recession - Essay Example The government of Japan in May 2009 approved a stimulus of 2 trillion packages for Japanese corporations that were weak as well as less stable. It is ordinary for Japanese government to help weaker companies. Nevertheless, Japan’s latest recession cannot actually be attributed to a singular occurrence, experts, however believe that one of the leading reasons could be associated to a fourteen year high for the Yen in comparison to the dollar. The effect of Japan’s recession greatly altered the country’s market values on nearly all goods and their property market. Nevertheless, Japan was not the only nation that experienced the effect of recession, other countries like the US and Britain also lost a great amount of exports that were being traded to Japan, in addition to several other imports. Additionally, several Japanese stocks trading in foreign markets also plunged because traders feared losing totally especially the ones who had invested in Japan’s secu rities market (Koo, 2011). The Japanese government apart from organizing money for stimulus package also set up a system of strategies to assist in ensuring that the finances were being utilized efficiently. The government of Japan also spoke on how they were planning to assist those who recession had affected by providing various steps aimed at bringing the economy back to usual national standards. These steps included offering reduced mortgage interest rates, decreased requirements especially for businesses doing application for subsidies, extended subsidies by 6 months for energy efficient vehicles, extended subsidies for appliances that were energy-efficient, expanded government supported protection for corporations that needed funding from the government and finally offered incentives for freshly built houses as well as the ones renovated with appliances that were energy

Sexual Harassment in the workplace Research Paper

Sexual Harassment in the workplace - Research Paper Example The key terminologies essential when tackling such a topic include; Sexism-This can be described as an attitude based perception about a person of different sex. For instance, a man thinking that a woman is weak and emotional or a woman thinking that a man is a chauvinist. Sex discrimination-This is manifested in the scenario where an employee tend to be treated differently at the work place because of their sex. Quid Pro Quo-This when decision on employing somebody are based on whether they agree to accept fulfilling sexual demands or not. Sexual harassment in the workstation can have severe influences for both the workers who have experienced it secondhand and the harassed person. The impact of sexual harassment to an employee can be numerous and disastrous. Areas, which have drawn interest of researches in the recent past, are whether sexual harassment is on the rise at work places or other new ways of harassment have emerged. This is based on the fact that, the surges in technolo gy use and harassment from same sex persons have been reported in the recent past. It is of equal importance to note that sexual harassment is not limited to a singular profession but the vice cuts across all career stations (Boland 34-35). Recent statistics by EEOP (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) divulge more information about the complaints. It has been noted that most of the sexual harassment occurrences largely go unreported. However, according to EEOC, one fact observation that was evident is the increase of cases reported in the last decade. This brings in a paradox since more stringent regulations have been put in place to inhibit occurrences of sexual harassment at work. In the last decade, over 20,000 accounts have been filed. Under the cases filed, majority of cases reported were from the female sex (Gai, 2009). In the year 2008, Louis Harris and Associates conducted a telephone poll on 782 workers of the United States. It came up with the statistics that 31 perc ent among female workers admitted to having reported sexual harassment at work. Only 7 percent of their male counterparts reported the same. A significant percentage of 62 percent of those targeted did not take any action. Out of the respondents, 100 percent female reported that the person harassing them was a man while 59 percent of men reported that their harasser was a woman. Subsequently, 41 percent of the male reported that their harasser was a fellow man. Additional statistics records that 43 percent of women who reported experienced harassment from the supervisor, 27 percent from senior employees, 19 percent workers of same level while 8 percent had faced harassment from junior employees (Boland 53). Combating sex harassment at work is a big challenge. This is necessitated by the fact that establishing its causes can be complex. These causes can be social, psychological or political. Owing to the fact that some work relationships such as acting in most cases turn out to be in timate and intense, establishing sexual harassment in such scenarios can be very complex. The other aspect is that in most instances, employees are required to depend on one another in order to maximize productivity. How this should go has no clear guidelines. Making the situation trickier is that some positions at work such as that of the supervisor involves working closely with your team for results to be achieved. However, being accustomed to these close working relations may create

Predictive Capabilities of the Simulex Model

Predictive Capabilities of the Simulex Model Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyse the predictive capabilities of the Simulex model, used to simulate the movement of people in evacuation simulations. Other evacuation models used within the fire engineering community, i.e. Firewind WayOut and simple hand flow calculations, provide quick and easy access to a reasonable estimate for a required movement time for egress in a building. This study will help to reveal whether the additional data used within the Simulex methodology aids the user in reaching a more accurate overall estimate. This will be done by carrying out a number of evacuation scenarios and comparing the results collected using the Firewind WayOut model and hand calculations. A multi storey hotel tower will be used to carry out the study. The outcome of the study will help to calibrate the components of the human behaviour in the Simulex model, as it is suggested that Simulex enables you to simulate occupant behaviour in the event of a building evacuation (IES, Sim ulex simulation of occupant evacuation). A considerable amount of study has been carried out on all aspects of human evacuation from emergency situations, and the affects of human behaviour on evacuation times can be seen as a major factor in terms of life safety. The majority of movement models to date take into account little consideration of the behavioural aspects of the occupants under emergency and focus their work on the flow of occupants. An evaluation of the results gathered in this study will help to show whether Simulex takes occupants-occupants interaction into account. Studies carried out in the past have revealed that occupant evacuation times are highly dependent on their perceived threat of the fire event. Appearance, proximity, propagation, time, and toxic gases of the fire threat also tend to predispose the individual to a higher level of behavioral activity, again depending upon the individuals perception of these threat variables. Thus, occupants located in close proximity to a developing fire, and with clear sensual links with smoke and heat, are likely to react more speedily than those who are reacting solely on alarm signals (John L. Bryan, Human Behavior and Fire). The importance of such an analysis tool is becoming essential in building design as regulation moves to a more performance based system. The purpose of this dissertation is to outline the methodology used within the Simulex model. The outputs determined by each of the models can then be compared along with the hand calculation work carried out. A sensitivity analysis will be performed for the Simulex model and this will help provide a clear evaluation of its predictive potential. Aim To evaluate the predictive capabilities of the Simulex movement model by carrying out both sensitivity and comparative analysis from results gained using the Firewind WayOut movement models and simple hand flow calculations. To gauge the effectiveness of the additional methodological approach taken by Simulex in gaining an overall more accurate estimate. Objectives Carry out a literature review of papers available which cover all aspects of building evacuation. Estimate crowd densities for use as input assumptions for Simulex, Firewind WayOut and hand calculations. Evaluate the model outputs and make a comparison between the methodologies adopted by each of the models. Conclusions should be formed on the basis of this evaluation. Carry out a sensitive analysis of both the Simulex and WayOut models. This can be achieved by altering the user input data to see how this effects the overall evacuation times. Gauge the predictive capabilities of each of the models in terms of how all aspects of building evacuation are taken into account. Investigate how the Simulex model attempts to deal with merging behaviours in a staircase. This will be carried out in reference to the information gained from previous work detailed in the literature review Provide concluding statements with reference to the results gained using the Simulex model. This should include an insight into whether the results gained using this method provide a more accurate estimate of the likely real life evacuation time. Methodology Carry out a literature review of the existing information available which relates to building evacuation and evacuation modeling. Factors to consider include a detailed evaluation of all aspects which affect the evacuation procedures of occupants i.e. affects of alarms, pre-movement times, human behaviour, crowd dynamics, and travel times. A study will be required relating to the current scope of movement models used within the fire engineering community. The methodologies used within the Simulex and the Firewind WayOut models will be studied and form part of the literature review. This will highlight all the differences and similarities between the methodologies incorporated into the tools. This information will be of significant importance when analysing the output data and forming any conclusions. Choose a suitable building design which can be used to carry out the study. The chosen building has been selected as the multi-storey hotel tower, Shibboleth project. Further information of the building will be provided further on in the text. CAD drawings of the Shibboleth hotel tower are required as this design will form the basis of the study. A collection of CAD drawings showing the Shibboleth floor plans will be used as a base to creating these geometries. The CAD drawings will be stripped down (removing inanimate objects i.e. furniture etc) to reveal only boundary layers i.e. walls, floors, etc. These barriers are those in which occupants are unable to pass through. A sensitivity analysis of Simulex and Firewind WayOut models will be carried out. This requires some factor of validation data to be collected by varying single point of input data and analysing how greatly they affect the overall results. By independently altering all the required input data, it is possible to monitor the effect each of the inputs has on the model outputs. This analysis will be carried out for each of the models. Run a mock evacuation using the Simulex model. To achieve this all CAD drawing will be turned into DXF files and inputted into the model. Staircases and floor plans can be linked and occupants will be added relevant to the room sizes as uses (Occupant loading will be calculated for the building and agents will be calculated and added accordingly). Run a mock evacuation using the Firewind WayOut model. The CAD drawings will again be used to measure all lengths and areas in the building. The occupant loading will be kept similar to those used in the Simulex calculation. Carry out hand calculations for the building. The process which will be followed is provided in the SFPE Handbook (SFPE Handbook, Section 3, Chapter 14; Emergency Movement). All input data used will be maintained from the previous work carried out in the computer models. This enables a conclusion to be reached as to whether the innovative tool can be used under the performance based regulatory system and form part of a successful fire engineered solution. Gaining a clear understanding of such information will allow the user to evaluate the results in a more efficient manner. An exhaustive analysis of the output data produced by both movement models will be carried out by the author. A conclusion will then be reached as to whether the FDS+Evac model can provide similar data as the movement model selected as the comparative tool. As this Simulex model is used presently within the fire engineering community to perform evacuation analysis on a number of real projects, it can then be assumed that such a tool supports the engineers performance based design solution. The results will also provide the evidence which will be required to evaluate whether the FDS+Evac model takes into account the threat perceived by the occupants in close proximity to a fire event, and incorporates this into the evacuation time for these occupants. Scope and Limitations Only two models are being reviewed in the study. The university has both Firewind WayOut and Simulex available for use at present and no other models were available at the time this study was carried out. The Simulex model is not used extensively through the course at the university and as a result the user had limited experience in operating it at the time of the study. The modelling work, i.e. measurements of lengths and areas, was carried out entirely from the drawing provided; no site visits etc were made to the building. Only one scenario has been run to carry out the study, a greater timescale for the work would have allowed a more exhaustive study, i.e. greater test cases, to be carried out. As the methodologies in each of the models vary slightly, it was only possible to minimise the extent to which occupant characteristics varied, but it was not possible to eliminate it altogether. Literature Review Regulatory Perspective As architects, designers and engineers continue to push the boundaries of building design, the regulatory system in Scotland continues to move towards a more performance based system. This system allows all parties involved in the design stage a far greater amount of freedom, i.e. promote innovation and limit the impact of regulation (S. Kipp, 1999), when ensuring a building design meets the requirements of the relevant codes. Professionals working within the built environment are now able to incorporate much more of their experience and judgement when developing a design than when following the outdated prescriptive approach, which were conceived for typical buildings. As a result of this, a number of tools have been developed within each discipline which allows each innovative design to be exhaustively tested, ensuring an adequate level of safety is provided before they are incorporated into any building design. For a fire engineer, many of these tools require computational technologies to perform a number of these tasks. Fire modelling is becoming more and more involved in the design stage of many large and complex projects all over the world. A number of models are available, varying in complexity, to carry out any necessary analysis within a number of complex spaces. They allow engineers to evaluate many fire safety related features of a building design before they are finalised, and ensure that any areas of issues with the design can be resolve before a project reaches the construction phase, as altering designs at this point can be extremely expensive and time consuming for all parties. In the UK, the current emphasis for escape design sets out to limit the distance and therefore time in which occupants are subjected to surrounding which will increase the risk of alarm or injury. The current timeframe in which occupants should have to travel from their place or origin and reach a place of safety is 2 minutes 30 seconds. This time had been calculated as a factor of the maximum allowable travel distance and the average walking speed of an occupant. Storey exit widths are sized assuming a specific flow of 80 persons/minute/metre clear width and a flow time of 2.5 minutes (Boyce et al, 2009). The time which is required to clear a floor is an important factor which must be considered to achieve an effective fire safety engineered design. The functional standards allow an engineer to carry out comparative analysis between the required safe egress time (RSET) and the available safe egress time (ASET). A building is deemed to provide an acceptable solution if the time required for egress is less than the time available before conditions are judged untenable by some factor of safety. This requirement is subject to an exhaustive analysis being carried out by a suitable professional, on all aspects of the design which will affect occupant egress. Human Behaviour in Fires A lot of research has been undertaken within the fire engineering community to gain as much understanding as possible of the factors affecting human behaviour when occupants are faced with emergency evacuation procedures in the built environment. John L. Bryan has covered a lot of work studying person-fire interaction and how occupant awareness can affect pre-movement times D. Canter has done a lot of work in gathering data from a number of sources to paint a clearer picture of the evacuation process. E. R. Galea covered a study dealing with human behaviour during evacuation of the world trade centre attack in 2001. Jonathan D Sime has produced work dealing with peoples ability to way find in a building, his work has shown that it may be more effective to incorporate escape routes into the general circulation routes as this will increase occupant familiarity with evacuation routes. Lars Benthorn provided an insight into how people evaluate information and subsequently choose their escape path. There are many more professionals who have done excellent work in analysing human behaviour in emergency situations and all the information collected is useful as it can then be incorporated into the design of evacuation tools. Building evacuation takes on a number of stages and involves a timeframe from the incipient stage of a fire right through until the last occupant has reached a place of safety. Human behaviour can affect both pre-movement and movement times, therefore it is essential to have a clear understanding of how to adapt an evacuation design to maximise its potential in life safety terms. The time to evacuate a building is a combination of several stages, these stages are: Detection time; Alarm time; Pre-movement time, (this is a combination of recognition and response time); and Travel time. The time taken for each of these stages of the evacuation process is dependent on the occupants response and behaviour. Figure 1: Factors involved in assessing the total escape time. (CIBSE Guide E: Fire safety engineering design approaches, 4-7). Pre-movement Time Distribution The pre-movement time of a building is the time for occupants to react to the alarm signal and begin their evacuation process. There are many factors which can affect the pre-movement times of occupants and these will be highlighted later in this text. In multi storey, multiple use occupancies, such as the one selected as part of the study, it can be assumed that not all occupants will have comparable pre-movement times, and for this reason it is good practice to study the appropriate time distribution curves in order to provide an accurate account of an expected pre-movement time in a building simulation. Purser et al, 1999, suggest from their work that Once the first few occupants have begun to move, the pre-movement times for the remainder of the occupants in an enclosure tend to follow a logarithmic–normal frequency time distribution. The shape of the above curves follow a typical pre-movement tome distribution following what has been observed historically; the initial delay of start up highlights the time taken for the first of the occupants to make the preliminary movements towards their chosen exit. This is followed by a rapid increase in frequency as the majority of others tend to initiate their travel phase. The long tail of the curve illustrates the last remaining occupants who will begin their travel period which will signify the end of the total pre-movement phase of the evacuation process. The above distributions are fit well for open plan occupancies where occupants have a clear view of the majority of other persons in the premises. In a building hosting a large number of enclosures, it can be assumed that the time distribution will be far wider than shown in the above diagram. This is due to the limited visibility which would be available for occupants in such a premises; the herding effect as occupants will be reduced as they would have less chance of grouping together and following the actions of the first occupants who move. Purser et al, 1999 , suggests that a range of 20-30 minutes would be more suitable for a multi occupancy building with sleeping risk (such as the Shibboleth hotel tower used to carry out the study). Many different factors will influence how a person will react and the decisions they make will determine their evacuation process. It can be very difficult to obtain real evacuation behavior; real evacuations may be undertaken by people who are unaware of the actual urgency to escape. They may perceive the alarm as a drill (Jake Pauls, 2003) People are often unaware that the alarm they hear is not a false one and so they will proceed to evacuate as they see fit to do so. Stopping to gather up personal belongings or only beginning to evacuate when others around them do. People have both reaction times and pre-movement times, reaction time is the time taken to perceive the alarm and decide to take action; and the pre-movement time is the time that elapses while the occupant is preparing to leave. L. Benthorn (1999): People usually choose to leave a building the same way they came in, even if this is a poorer alternative than other available. Within the field of behavioural science, it is pointed out that people often choose the known before the unknown, which would explain the above behaviour. Occupants in a building will tend to head for the exit them came in through not only are they familiar with this exit it but it will lead them to a place they will recognise. This is particularly true for those people who are not familiar with their surroundings. People will continue to do this and follow the crowd until they are either faced with the fire or are given further information. It has been suggested that incorporating evacuation routes wherever possible into the main circulation routes at the design stage will aim to optimise the effectiveness of the evacuation strategy. This is due to the fact that occupants tend to use a familiar route. The occupant characteristics that should be considered in performing an evacuation analysis are listed below: Population numbers and Density The maximum potential load should be used to give a conservative estimation. The number of people using a building or space and their distribution will greatly affect the travel and flow speeds speed of occupants. Familiarity A persons familiarity and regular use of the building and its systems may cause them to respond differently. Competent users of the building will have prior knowledge of the nearest escape routes and they may have had the opportunity to have participated in drills. Those unfamiliar with the building will rely upon the knowledge of staff and the clarity of signage available, and may be less responsive to warning systems. Distribution and Activities Distribution will impact on movement speeds and density will impact on the ability to communicate instructions. Activities people are involved in will affect their initial response. Those who are dedicated to a task within a building will not necessarily be able stop their job on activation of the alarm system. Level of Alertness The commitment of people to their activity or their interaction with others can affect their awareness. A premise which holds a sleeping risk for occupants can be expected to have a delayed response time. Physical and Mental Ability Some occupants may rely entirely on assistance, disabled; those with a hearing disability or those with a visual disability may require special means of notification. Level of Mobility Affected by the age of occupants, age can influence the ability of an individual to independently make their way along an exit route and reach a place of safety within an acceptable timescale. It may also reduce an occupants ability to withstand exposure to smoke and other harmful bi-products of fire. Social Affiliation Behaviour will be strongly influenced with the interaction between occupants. Groups of people who have a social connection (i.e. parent and child who are separated within premises at the time of the fire event) will try and regroup before making their way to an exit. The time spend undertaking such an act may increase the level of risk for these occupants. Groups of evacuees try to stay together and the slowest member of the group influences their speed. Role and Responsibility Sufficiently, well-trained and authoritative staff will shorten the pre-movement phase of an evacuation process. An effective management plan followed by all members of staff will ensure this is provided within premises. Location Can influence a persons choice of exit and the time to notification. Travel distances will be affected by location. Commitment Those who are committed to their activity will be reluctant to respond to an alarm, especially if it means their task is to be started again. Responsiveness The extent to which a person is likely to respond to alarms, those who have previous experience of emergency situations may be less likely to respond quickly as they are aware of the most appropriate action to take. The Panic Theory When people, attempting to escape from a burning building pile up at a single exit, their behaviour appears highly irrational to someone who learns after the panic that other exits were available. To the actor in the situation who does not recognise the existence of these alternatives, attempting to fight his way to the only exit available may seem a very logical choice as opposed to burning to death. (Turner and Killian 1957) The concept of panic is attributed to occupants lack of knowledge about a fires existence before a fire reaches a size where it can seriously hamper the ease in which evacuees are able to escape. This can be due to a problem with the detection and alarm system installed within premises, or the lack of information available to occupants as they try and make their way to the relevant escape routes. The theory of panic is not an easy thing to define, yet a set of definitions are presented below: A sudden and excessive feeling of alarm or fear, usually affecting a body of persons, originating in some real or supposed danger, vaguely apprehended, and leading to extravagant and injudicious efforts to secure safety. (John L. Bryan 1984) A fear-induced flight behavior which is nonrational, nonadaptive, and nonsocial, which serves to reduce the escape possibilities of the group as a whole, (Kentucky State Police, 1977). In the stress of a fire, people often act inappropriately and rarely panic or behave irrationally. Such behavior, to a large extent, is due to the fact that information initially available to people regarding the possible existence of a fire and its size and location is often ambiguous or inadequate. (Ramachandran, 1990.) Affect of Alarm on Pedestrian Movement The type of detection and alarm system in a building can greatly affect the way in which occupants despond to the emergency signal, and this is turn will affect the response time of occupants. The level of information that occupants are provided with in the early stages of evacuation can influence their decision to evacuate. It has been common practice to use traditional ringing sounders within non-domestic premises in recent years. One drawback of using this form of alarm signal is that occupants are not being provided with any informative information regarding the fire event. Evacuees could benefit from a system which would inform them of a fires location and lets them know which evacuation route is the safest in terms of their location in the building. This is a difficult system to integrate into a building as fires are extremely unreliable and information is specific to a single fire scenario. Sounders themselves are not the most informative method of warning system; they convey little information and have been proven ineffective (Bob Choppen, 2003). Voice alarm systems are largely becoming a more acceptable mode of informing occupants of a fire occurrence in modern buildings. Large premises which are designed to cater mainly for the general public will benefit greatest from a voice alarm system. Occupants are fuelled with much more information of the emergency event than in the past using traditional alarm signals. Voice messages can convey a greater deal of information to the occupants. John L Bryan concluded from his research that the use of voice alarms/public announcements with an alarm bell was the most effective way of warning occupants. Ramachandran in his review of the research on human behaviour in fires in the UK since 1969 summarized the effectiveness of alarm bells as awareness cues: The response to fire alarm bells and sounders tends to be less than optimum. There is usually skepticism as to whether the noise indicated a fire alarm and if so, is the alarm merely a system test or drill? A lack of panic is attributed to a number of factors including: Insufficient seriousness of an emergency. Acceptance of staff responsibility to direct occupants to exits. Evacuation process is complete before occupants have come in sight or contact with fire and smoke. Panic was not initiated at exit paths due to sufficient exit widths being available, thus eliminating the chance for queuing to occur, i.e. little competition for similar exits by occupants. Human Stress Model. (University coursework notes, Evacuation Systems Design model; Powerpoint Presentation namely Human Behaviour in Fire (Slide 48/51), Dr. Iain Sanderson, 2008). Evacuation Modeling Evacuation models can help engineers prove that tenable conditions will be available to occupants for the timescale required for all occupants to reach a place of safety, which an element of safety built in. The total time for occupants for occupants from the time of detection and alarm, to the time for the last occupant to reach a place of safety, is called the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). This is traditionally compared with the time from fire ignition until tenable limits are exceeded, and conditions have reached a level where humans will be unable to continue their process of escape. This time is called the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET). As long as RSET > ASET by some factor of safety, a building is deemed to provide an adequate level of safety for all occupants to escape in an emergency situation. Pedestrian movement models have typically fallen into two categories, one category dealt independently with movement and the other tried to connect both movement and human behaviour. S. Gwynne (1999) highlights the main approaches available of computer analysis models: Computer based analysis of evacuation can be performed using one of three different approaches, namely optimization, simulation and risk assessment. Furthermore, within each approach different means of representing the enclosure, the population and the behaviour of the population are possible. Movement models can be categorised in a number of forms; Ball bearing, Optimisation, Simulation or Risk Assessment models. Ball bearing / Gaseous This example of movement model treats its subjects as inanimate objects. Sometimes referred to as environmental determinism, subjects are unthinking individuals who respond only to external stimuli, thus human behaviour it not taken into account. Occupants are assumed to begin their evacuation instantly, with no regard to the time taken for detection, alarm and pre-movement times. Factors effecting occupant movement therefore only include physical considerations of the occupants and their surroundings (i.e. crowd densities, exit widths and travel speeds). Individual occupants are merged into units and their movement treats their egress on masse (S. Gwynne, 1999). A good example of a model which employs this type of methodology is Firewind, with its WayOut tool. Optimisation This form of pedestrian movement model deals with large crowds of people at the same time. Evacuees are treated as homogeneous groups, thus there are no independent characteristics for a particular individual. People are uniformly distributed; all exits will be equally shared. One of the best examples of this form of model is EVACNET. 6.5.3 Simulation These models try and take into account not only the physical characteristics of the space, but also consider some representation of human behaviour in emergency scenarios. They attempt to produce as an output the path and decisions taken my individuals during the evacuation process. Examples of this type of model include Simulex and buildingEXODUS. 6.5.4 Risk Assessment Model These models are an attempt to identify hazards associated with the evacuation of a building, be it due to the occupants or the building, and attempt to quantify the resultant risk. An example of this type of model would be Crisp, and WayOut. 6.5.6 Enclosure Representation Enclosure representation of the geometries created within a computer models can take on two forms; fine and course networks. Enclosures are subdivided into a number of zones which are interconnected with neighbouring zones, and the characteristics of each of these affect the parameters found in each on the adjoining cells. The detail and size of each of these zones determines which category a model shall fall into. NODE ARC NODEOne or more arcs connecting 2 nodes are called a Path. (John M Watts 1987). Definition of a network model is given by John M Watts (1987), A network models is a graphical representation of routes by which objects or energy may move from one point to another. 6.5.6.1 Fine Networks Models using this method divide the entire floor space of the enclosure into a selection of shapes or nodes. The size and shape of these nodes will vary for different models. The node is connected to its neighbouring node by an arc. Paths of individuals are tracked over time. Examples of such models include Bgraf, Egress, buildngExodus, Magnetmodel, Simulex and Vegas. 6.5.6.2 Coarse Networks Models following this form of enclosure representation do not allow individual occupants to be followed independently of other within the group. Single nodes represent large spaces, such as rooms and corridors. As evacuees moved from space to space, users will be unaware of their position in each node. A coarse network does not provide information regarding person-wall, person-person and pe

freud Essay -- essays research papers

Psychoanalysis is a system of psychology originated by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud in the 1890's and then further developed by himself, his students, and other followers. It consists of activities such as using methods for research into the human mind, a systematic knowledge about the mind, and a method for the treatment of psychological or emotional disorders. Psychoanalysis began with the discovery of "hysteria," an illness with physical symptoms that occurred in a completely healthy physical body, such as a numbness or paralysis of a limb, loss of voice, or blindness. This state could be caused by unconscious wishes or forgotten memories. Many women of the 1800’s were diagnosed with hysteria, given the disorder was thought to be primarily female. Freud began telling his patients, through interpretations, what was going on inside the unconscious part of their minds, thus helping the unconscious become conscious. Many cases of hysteria were cured this way, and in 1895, Freud, along with another fellow physician, published their findings and theories on the study of hysteria. In The White Hotel by D. M. Thomas, the character Lisa does not exhibit the above form of hysteria, but rather a manifestation of reality. Her own reality has become too imprisoned, and she escapes it by creating another Lisa that is nothing like her person. The traditional psychoanalytical theory states that all human beings are born with instinctual drives that are constantly active even though a person is not usually conscious of them. Two drives, one for sexual pleasure and the other called aggression, motivate and propel most behaviors in people. Lisa creates a very intense sexual drive for her fictive person. Readers may speculate that this creation may have been brought about by experiences beginning at birth. In the infant, the libido supposedly first manifests itself by making the act of sucking the thumb an activity with pleasurable sensations in the mouth. Later, according to Freud, similar pleasures are experienced in the anus during bowel movements, and finally these erotically tinged pleasures are experienced when the sexual organ is manipulated. Thus psychosexual development progresses from the oral through the anal to the phallic stage. During the height of the phallic phase (about ages three to six), Freud notes that the se drives focus on the parent ... ... views into the theory of infantile instinctual drives as the motivating force for normal behavior and as the cause of neurosis if repressed. Continuing research has discovered much evidence that the early relationships between children and parents, have the greatest impact on later psychological development. The influence of the care-givers, especially during infancy, leave a lasting imprint on the personality. Any experience with objects, including persons, that evoke and strengthen the self are "self-object" experiences and are needed by every human being from birth to death in order to sustain a cohesive self. Absence of or faulty self-object experiences cause a loss of cohesion with the self. Lisa’s character was a prime candidate for Freud’s psychoanalysis. She followed many of the stereotypical guidelines set by Freud’s studies. Her reality failed her, so a more vibrant one was created in order to suppress years of secrets, neglect, and the p ain from it all. Her character was eventually brought back into a state of reality, but it was too late to "save" her. The true reality that faced her was the grimace of death of her true "self" in the end.

Solving Problems

In this essay, I will solve two problems from our textbook Elementary and Intermediate Algebra; I will solve problem 56 on page 437 and problem 10 on page 444. For my first problem, I will choose an appropriate variable to help solve the equation, for my second equation I will identify the form of the equation I end up with once it is solved. I will also introduce five math vocabulary words, they are, extraneous, proportion, cross multiply, and extreme-means and the will be in bold.Problem number 56 states: To estimate the size of the bear population on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Conservationists captured, tagged, and released 50 nears. One year later, a random sample of 100 bears included only 2 tagged bears. What is the conservationist’s estimate of the size of the bear population? This is a ratio equation and my variable will be b, b= bear population b =10050 2 2*b= 50*100 cross multiply the extreme-means 2b=5000 b= 5000 2 b= 2500 bears 2500 is the conservationist’s est imation of the bear population. This equation is not an extraneous solution because the denominator does not equal zero.Problem number 10y-1= -3 this problem is a proportion x+3 4 (y-1)*4=(x+3)-(-3) cross multiply the x and y which are the extreme and means 4y-4=-3x-9 distribute the 4 and the -3 4y=-3x-9+4 add 4 to both sides 4y=-3x-5 divide both sides by 4 y= -3 x-5 both of these fractions are in parentheses the x and – are outside the () 4 4The linear equation in the form of y=mx+b with the slope of -3,  4This essay discussed two problems from our textbook Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. It introduced five vocabulary words to help explain the steps in solving the two problems, those vocab words are extraneous, proportion, cross multiply, and extreme-means. This essay identified the variable in problem one, and identified the form of the equation in problem two.Reference Dugopolski, M. (2012). Elementary and intermediate algebra (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Pu blishing.

Table Topics - A Smart Party Game for Adult Students

Table Topics - A Smart Party Game for Adult Students I picked up my first box of Table TopicsTM on a whim while shopping in one of those funky little shops you see in the artsy parts of any city. A four-inch clear acrylic cube holds 135 cards, each with a provocative question that is sure to inspire lively, and meaningful, conversation. These little cards make a great game for the classroom or meeting room, around the table, or on the patio. Use them at any gathering of adults when you want stimulating conversation. Group Size Ideal for up to 10. Divide larger groups. Uses Introductions at a meeting, in the classroom, around the pool, at a party, anytime you want to inspire conversation. Time Needed Depends on the number of people and the time you allow for conversation after each introduction and answer. Materials Needed Cube of Table TopicsTM and a clock or watch. Instructions Select a person to begin, and ask him or her to pick a card from the Table TopicsTM cube. Explain that the person should give his or her name, and answer the question. Depending on the amount of time you have, allow a few minutes of conversation about the persons response, and then pass the cube to the next person. Card examples: Which piece of land would you wish to have preserved forever?Whats your favorite quotation?What song evokes the strongest memories for you? Alternatives Table TopicsTM offers nine different sets of questions: Original, Family Gathering, Gourmet, Family, Teen, Couples, Girls Night Out, Spirit, and Book Club. Choose the subject matter most appropriate for your group.​ For more information, visit  Table Topics.

Discuss how a range of psychological and sociological theories could help a social worker to understand the issues contained The WritePass Journal

Discuss how a range of psychological and sociological theories could help a social worker to understand the issues contained Introduction Discuss how a range of psychological and sociological theories could help a social worker to understand the issues contained IntroductionPsychological theoriesSociological TheoriesConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Within this Essay I am going to discuss a range of psychological and sociological theories that could help a social worker to understand issues in case study Four.   This discussion is going to focus on Winston who is 75 years old and experiencing hard time due to the death of his wife Doreen after living happily for 45 years together. As a social worker it is important of knowledge of the psychosocial theories. This is helps to understand why Winston stuck in this situation and he cannot see the light in the tunnel. He lost his beloved wife, and also many other things which were important for him and for his life. The loss of income, loss of hobby, loss of his social life, friends, social interaction, health and homeland are the big issues in Winston’s life. Winston feels lonely, socially excluded with health issues as arthritis, depression and anxiety. His sons are not visiting him so often. All these problems are seems endless and there is no way to get out of this situat ion, and that is why important to look through the different aspects of the psychosocial theories. Psychological theories Firstly need to understand how psychological and sociological theories define in Winston’s case. There are few psychological theories would be appropriate to understand why Winston feels the way he is now and it is important to outline them: Bowlby’s Attachment theory, Erikson’s Eight stages of the development, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Bereavement, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Winston is 75 years old and it is important to understand what changes occurred in his age stage. There are many positive and negative sides in this stage of the life. Obviously by getting older people have gain more wisdom, but circumstances could change the angle of mind, which could lead to the negatives outcomes. Erik Erikson’s (1902-1994) stage Eight of the human development describes how during the old age people are focused on reflecting back on their life. There are some people who are successful and feel proud and have a sense of integrity.   Winston is an opposite for this type, he feel that his life has no sparkle and experiencing many regrets. He is left with feelings of hopelessness, depression and despair.   This theory helps to define diverse categories of people in older age and what responses will arise in different circumstances. Due to Winston’s bereavement on his wife he developed so many other problems. He is not able to force himself to move on and leave passed event behind him. Psychology studies describe two categories of people who experienced death of close person which is â€Å"determinism† and â€Å"free will†.   Those with â€Å"Free will† is have a positive approach to live and can make positive own decisions evaluating passed events. Winston is belongs to the opposite group where individuals whose passed events controlling over. Winston is too weak to approach the line and get positive outcomes. This is explains why he choose to isolate himself from the society due to his loss. He would not let off his hopeless dream of happy retired life with his beloved wife Doreen. He feels guilty, angry maybe with himself or could be with Doreen who left him on his own. Winston and Doreen’s was a happy couple with strong and close relationship. He was so much attached to his wife. Now when he is left on his own he feels very lonely. Psychologist J. Bowlby (1907–1990) explains â€Å"Whenever loss is permanent, as it is after bereavement, anger and aggressive behaviour are necessarily without function. The reason that they occur so often none the less, even after a death, is that during the early phases of grieving a bereaved person usually does not believe that the loss can really be permanent; he therefore continues to act as though it were still possible not only to find and recover the lost person but to reproach him for his actions.† (J.Bowlby, 1973). The death of someone close is one of the hardest life’s experiences. The first reaction for grief is shock follows with denial, when person may refuse to accept the loss. A wish to escape from grieving may follow with acceptance in time or willingness to accept the loss a nd move on.   In Winston’s case he kept his grief for himself. It is important to understand that grief of a spouse often last longer than other people may realise. Most of the time spouse may experience grief not only in the first year after but for a long time beyond that. Winston’s attachment to his wife was positive for the time when she was around, but affected negative after the loss. He sometimes feels cheated that they could not have enjoyed retirement together. This type of feelings was analysed by J.Bowlby (1973) as ‘dysfunctional anger’. Anger could be presented not only in the aggressive way. The anger could be silent when individual keeping in ‘silence’ and not letting it out. In this condition individuals will get drained not only mentally, but physically exhausted. Winston’s arthritis is getting worse and he is not able to do all activities which he could do and therefore he doesn’t have any other hobbies that co uld keep his mind occupied. Winston may experience of being useless and his self esteem and self actualisation is really low. Abraham Harold Maslow’s (1908-1970) hierarchy of needs explains why Winston’s self-esteem and self-actualisation are missing or shown in very unfortunate condition. Winston has poor health condition. Important to identify how good is his diet, and if he is suffering of sleepless nights. He has a shelter, but missing level of love and belongingness needs affected on his self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Winston lost his identity and self-respect and could not anticipate respect from others. He doesn’t have need of ‘purpose for living’ and cannot realise all of his potentials. His three sons live in other parts of the country and Winston has a very little joy to see them. Winston has a little contact with other people as well and lost his contacts with his close friends. That is another reason why he feels lonely and depressed. â€Å"Depression affects our thinking, our emotions, our behaviour and our physical health.   You might feel down, or empty. Some people have difficulty remembering, or cant make decisions like they once did.† (www.psychologyinfo.com. visited on 20.05.2011).   Psychology recognises two types of the depression which is ‘reactive’ and ‘physical’ depression. ‘Physical’ depression is based on deficiencies in neuron communications in the brain.   Winston depression is ‘reactive’ which is explains as a response to stressful and traumatic event loss of his wife followed by other losses as loss of income, loss of close relationship with his sons, loss of hobby, loss of other people, friends, loss of the social interaction, loss of homeland, loss of identity. Winston suffers with his anxiety which caused by the grief and hopeless wish to visit his homeland. He wants to visit Jamaica but money issues together with fear that things in Jamaica could be a lot different than it used to be stopping him to make that step. For social worker it is important to understand feelings towards loss of identity and homeland. On while Winston was younger, happy with his family life, busy with his work he did not realise the meaning of the â€Å"homeland†. By the older age when he is lonely he wants to go back to the place where once he was happy in his childhood. At first, this is seems like easy and achievable to do and this step could bring sparkle in Winston’s life, but anxiety of being not accepted in his homeland, and money issues stopping him to make this decision.  Ã‚   â€Å"The diagnosis of anxiety is difficult and complex because of the variety of its causes and the highly personalized and individualized nature of its symptom fo rmation.†Ã‚   (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com visited on 20.05.2011) Sociological Theories Sociological theories are important as psychological theories in Winston’s case to recognise for social worker what issues would be prioritised to resolve his problems. First of all would be appropriate to look through Family structure, Structural theory, Social action theory of Webber (Interaction of people have with others) Theory of Family structure is one of the important elements to recognize issues in Winston’s case. Through history there were different changes in family structure, but mostly is important to understand what the meaning of the family is and how members of the family could value their roles. â€Å"Definitions of the family are based on the notion of kinship, blood, ties, marriage or adoption that joins individuals into family group.† (A.Llewellyn etal, 2008, p183). As called â€Å"normal married family† Winston and Doreen lived together 45 years and raised three sons. â€Å"Marriage between adult men and women is the arrangement through which adult personalities are supported and kept healthy† (Giddens, 2006, p 175) At first there look as if no any issues was in this family, but the fact that Winston sees his sons not very often is odd. Analysing Winston’s life and his lost connection with his relatives and family there is a clear line why his sons d o not have a responsibility for their father. Family is institution where adults pass their life experience, values and meaning of the family unit to their children. Children who were not taught to appreciate and have respectful relationship with older generations do not have a close family bond including parents. Winston’s sons did not see their father’s responsibility towards grandparents and their connection. That could be why they do not see themselves being irresponsible towards their father’s condition and for them it is absolutely normal to visit Winston (their father) not very often. Theory of Family structure leads to another theory in sociology known as a Social structure theory. This theory studies a relationship between different groups in the society what relates these groups, setting roles, what functions, purpose and meanings will connects them all groups together. Karl Marks, Max Webber, Emile Durkheim and many other social scientists had a great influence in this study. Winston isolated himself not intentionally from the society. He needs to realise that he is a human being and he is taking his part in the society he lives. Being socially excluded does not take his pain away. Karl Marx believed that human being â€Å"are able to choose what to act and or not to act. Furthermore, they are capable of choosing what kind of action to undertake† (G. Ritzer, 2000, p50). Winston cannot exist in isolation he needs to find strength to be a part of the society and make the most out of his life. This could be easier to say than to do especially taking into a ccount his age, his financial situation, his emotional needs, and his cultural differences. Max Webber (1864-1920) articulated ‘conception of social action’ (G. Ritzer, 2000, p121). He emphasized the importance of ‘social action’ as ability of â€Å"individuals to influence the nature of their social relationships in sociologically significant ways† (sociology.org.uk/siweber.pdf. viewed on 22 May 2011) According M. Webber Winston have to act as an individual who can make his own moves should be an active creator of his social behaviour. He should have his own motives and beliefs and be a part of the society. With own interpretation of the meaning of his situation Winston should be able to control his own actions. The reality of the Winston’s situation shows the opposite. He needs a guide from the professional to achieve his potentials and move on in his life. There are certain risk factors in Winston case. According to functionalist Durkheim (1858-1917) who studied suicide factors one of the reasons of the suicide cases is losing values and isolation from the social environment including family. An individual who becomes detached from the society, could make their own devices towards loosen bonds which previously were attached to the society or specific relationship. These losses may lead into negative emotions and may develop ‘egoistic’ or ‘individualistic’ suicide.    Conclusion Therefore this discussion has shown how different psychosocial theories and approaches could be used in social work practice. It is important to recognize and understand different psychosocial studies and interpret correctly for appropriate use in the different social work case studies. In Winston’s case was important to understand issues with his loss and bereavement, depression, anxiety, social deprivation, social interaction, social exclusion, family structure. It was important to understand his age concern, human needs, and what complications caused via attachment theory. It is crucial to identify every case as a unique case within specific circumstances. Therefore social work practice has to work in person centred approach taking into account service users wishes and what is important to them. This is means to listen to each person and help them to live the lives they choose with no discriminatory factors including age, gender, race, disability etc. Help to understand the ir situation via psychosocial theories and guide to set their own goals. References Ritzer G., (2000), Sociological Theory. 5th edition. Mc Graw-Hill Higher Education.USA Llewellyn A., Agu L.,Mercer D. (2008). Sociology for Social Workers, Cambridge, Polity Press Bowlby J., (1973). Separation, Anxiety and Anger. Volume two of Attachment and Loss. London. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology. 5th edition. Cambridge, Polity Press Beckett C., Taylor H. (2010). Human Growth and Development. Second Edition. London. Sage Publication Ltd Goldberg S., Muir R., Kerr J., (2000). Attachment Theory. Social Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives. NJ. The Analytic Press, Inc psychologyinfo.com/depression/seniors.htm#whatis http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Psychological+anxiety sociology.org.uk/siweber.pdf

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child Development - Essay Example Pregnancy is a very important part of a woman’s life that calls for behavior change in various aspects of life. To begin with, my sleeping hours would not be adequate if I were pregnant. Pregnant women are advised to get enough rest and sleep. Secondly, I rarely exercise and I would start engaging in exercise activities three times a week to improve blood circulation. Thirdly, I take alcohol during the weekends and I would have to refrain from it if I were pregnant. Alcohol and drugs are prohibited during pregnancy as they can affect child’s development (Murphy). Finally, I would also need to change my diet by including healthier foods including larger portions of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, I would have to refrain from foods containing saturated fats and sweetened drinks. The study concentrates on behavioral change among women during pregnancy. According to the article, most women consume alcohol during pregnancy goes against the doctors’ advice as alcohol poses numerous side effects to the fetus. This article advises women to avoid alcohol intake at all costs. The article also shows the drinking habits among women from different backgrounds and demonstrated that some of the side effects of drinking while pregnant include intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth. The article also shows that there is a strong relationship between alcohol use and smoking and these aspects combined have a significant negative impact on fetal growth.

Why was Intel initially successful in DRAMs Assignment

Why was Intel initially successful in DRAMs - Assignment Example Dennard claims he went home and formulated the basic idea for DRAM within a few hours, as Mary Bellis explains, â€Å"Dennard and his team were working on early field-effect transistors and integrated circuits, and his attention to memory chips came from seeing another team's research with thin-film magnetic memory. Dennard claims he went home and within a few hours had gotten the basic ideas for the creation of DRAM.† Within two years after its release, Intel would become a world leader in DRAM technologies. Intel created the Memory Systems Operation to assemble the DRAM chips to standards required for sale to OEM’s (Original Equipment Manufacturers), who then put the chips into more sophisticated machines. This operation allowed Intel to distribute their technologies to a wider area. This strategy, in conjunction with offering replacement parts for mainframe computer memories, allowed them to gain more control over the market. Over ninety percent of Intel’s rev enue was brought in by their DRAM, which was the world’s largest selling semi-conductor. Always being the first into new markets, Intel used that strategy and the fact they were the first to release DRAM to heighten sales of the chips and create the success they did ( Lazonick 148-149). Intel’s business strategy was very aggressive and they knew how to play the market to maximize profits.