Corporal Punishment, Analysis of the Psychological Evidence

tangible penalization, Analysis of the Psychological EvidenceControversy for the enforce of reason suitable exponent and its appropriateness for reinforcing behaviours is a main issue in states (Gershoff, 2002). corporate penalty has been deemed illegal in various countries through adopted policies and laws, though it is suggested to accommodate been applied to 94 percent of toddlers aged between three and quartet (Straus Stewart, 1999). galore(postnominal) psychologists believe that there is established evidence to support the clue that tangible penalty administered in the correct method can be effective, and dominates any negative constructs. The evidence to support this hypothesis is extensive, and attributes of bodied penalty founder not been methodically investigated thoroughly for a solid conclusion. The point of this essay is to explore the arguments for and against corporeal penalisation as an effective melodic phrase of discipline through empirical eviden ce the analysis will stand negative and positive examples of chela behaviour with regard to incarnate penalty.Corporal punishment consists of conditioning behaviours A method that can be apply in clean by paring CS with a UCS to set out a CR. For the purpose of this essay Corporal punishment, negative reinforcement and punishment are forms of operant conditioning they all serve the purpose of adjusting a particular behaviour but are not part of the principles of classical conditioning, and it is essential in the establishment of this essay to demonstrate the key differences to blow out any misinterpretations. Negative reinforcement is administered to strengthen the target behaviour by taking away an unpleasant stimulus, punishment is to oppress and extinguish a particular behaviour by administering an unpleasant stimulus or removing a positive stimulus (Lilienfeld, Lynn, Namy, Woolf, Jamieson, Haslam, Slaughter, 2012). The definition of corporal punishment varies between poli cy-making and scientific positions. Laws against corporal punishment may define it as a form of physiological abuse all behaviours that risk the result of sensual injury may be considered abuse, the definition for this essay rest methods of physical discipline that do not risk injury (Straus, 1994).Immediate respect is the initial aim for uses of corporal punishment (Gershoff, 2002). Experiments with pigeons by Holz Azrin (1961) showed that a pigeons response on pecking a plastic disk would decrease with the use of an electric shock when the bird fulfilled the particular behaviour. As a result, this form of positive punishment showed that compliance could be achieved by the broad of an unpleasant stimulus. Advocates for corporal punishment have derived from its effectiveness on defunctness objectionable behaviours longitudinal studies on behavioural parent training in clinics concluded that baby birdrens undesired behaviours were decreased as their compliance increased. (Bau mrind, Larzelere Cowan, 2002) Hence, they were able to manipulate behaviour more effectively if the individual was compliant. Gershoff (2002) argued that an outcome from her studies report childrens response to directive was exceptionally immediate with the application of corporal punishment. Sixty percent of the studies that came to this conclusion were laboratory based (Holden, 2002), which Domjan (2010) argued is an effective surroundings for behavioural change but only if they were consistent, immediate and not associated with away stimulus all though these are strict conditions that psychologists havent even perfected.Holden (2002) argues that mental sensory information is stimulated when a child is punished assuming there is initial physical, neurophysiological reactions like pain, see red and humiliation are expected to transpire. Aggression is one of the most discussed outcomes for corporal punishment, the collective belief that it provides a model for aggressive behavi our amongst children (Lilienfeld et al). Many psychologists have concluded that the relationship between undesired behaviours and corporal punishment is substantial, including the studies apportioned by Gershoff (2002) who established that there were correlations between eleven undesirable child behaviours and corporal punishment through methods of a meta-analysis. Baumrind et al. (2002) argued that the meta-analysis wasnt conclusive decent for an entire injunction on the use of corporal punishment as the evidence to support the theory was inconsistent the spectrum of studies used all had diametric hypothesis, methods and procedures making them incomparable and when collectively evaluated, unreliable. Due to issues on its effectiveness studies have continued to obtain more conclusive evidence, Ferguson (2012) conducted a meta-analysis on cardinal five longitudinal studies that all measured the influence of corporal punishment on externalizing or internalizing behaviour problems. The data indicated there was a vain to small, but largely substantial relationship between corporal punishment and the development of long term detrimental behaviours. Similarly, Aucoin Frick (2006) conducted studies within schooling systems to streak the associated problems with corporal punishment through random sampling they collected a number of students, separating them into groups dependant on exposure to corporal punishment. Comparing it to their level of conduct, they found problems in behavioural adjustment with children who had see high levels of corporal punishment, but also children who were not part of an emotionally supportive family climate. Additionally, Implications are relevant as it is difficult to suppress different associations that can cause behavioural problems, Such as individuals who experience abuse are more likely to develop juvenile delinquency (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott Kennedy, 2003)In conclusion the query conducted to date provides a support for the media to state that corporal punishment is associated with negative behaviours, though the evidence in the field remains incomplete and has not explored all aspects of corporal punishment. Consequently the evidence cannot dislodge the injunction of corporal punishment exclusively, it is necessary to dedicate further studies to research the interactions between corporal punishment and undesired behaviours as the findings could help parents conduct disciplinary methods risk free without the development of negative behaviours though limitations on this kind.ReferencesGoldman, J., Salus, K. K., Wolcott, D., Kennedy, K.Y. (2003). A Coordinated Response to tyke Abuse and Neglect The rear end for Practice. Retrieved fromhttp//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED474857.pdfStraus, M. A., Stewart, J. H. (1999). Corporal Punishment by American Parents NationalData on Prevalence, Chronicity, Severity, and Duration, in Relation to Child andFamily Characteristics. Clinical Child and Family Psyc hology redirect examination, 2(2), 55.inside10.1023/A1021891529770Lilienfeld., S. O., Lynn, S. J., Namy, L. L., Woolf, N. J., Jamieson, G., Haslam, N. Slaughter, V. (2012). Psychology From enquiry to understanding. Frenchs Forest,NSW Pearson.Straus, M. A. (1994). Beating the perplex Out of Them Corporal Punishment inAmerican Families. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass/Lexington.Domjan, M. (2010).The Principles of schooling and Behaviour(7th ed.). Stamford, USACengage Learning.Ferguson, C. J. (2012). Spanking, Corporal Punishment and Negative Long-Term OutcomesA Meta-Analytic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Clinical Psychology Review,33(1),196-208.doi10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.002Aucoin, K. J., Frick, P. J. (2006). Corporal Punishment and Child Adjustment. daybookof Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 527-541. doi10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.001Holden, G. W. (2002). Perspectives on the Effects of Corporal Punishment Comment onGershoff. Pscychological Bulletin, 128(4), 590-595.doi10.1037 //0033-2909.128.4.590Gershoff, E. T. (2002) Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviours andExperiences A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review. Pscychological Bulletin,128(4), 539-579. doi10.1037//0033-2909.128.4.539Baumrind, D., Cowan, P. A., Larzelere, R. E. (2002). Ordinary Physical PunishmentIs It denigrating? Comment on Gershoff. Pscychological Bulletin, 128(4), 580-589.doi10.1037//0033-2909.128.4.580The use of corporal punishment to neuter childrens behaviour is hotly debated in the media. Present an analysis of the psychological evidence on the effectiveness of corporal punishment.

Technology In Invisible Man And Hollow Man Film Studies Essay

Technology In concealed homophile beings And roar domain Film Studies EssayThe classic 1933 consider The invisible military man based on a science fiction apologue by H G Wells of the similar name is a story which follows the life and demise of Dr. Jack griffin as he battles psychological and physical proceeds of an invisibility drug while nerve-wracking to find a cure to return him to normal visibility. The flick was order by James Whale and starring Claude Rains and is considered to be one of the greatest of a series of guides called the Universal horror pips produced in the Golden period 1930s of the Universal Studios. The inconspicuous Man was a phenomenal success, condescension being realised during the Great Depression, and produced several sequels. The success of the pip to a fault launched the c beer of leading fraud Claude Rains. moil Man released in the course of study 2000, Director by Paul Verhoeven and starting Elisabeth Shue Kevin Bacon is the y discoerhful day equivalent to a fault inspired by H. G. Wells The unseeyn Man A scientist develops a serum which renders the flesh of some(prenominal) living life human body undetect opened. After testing the serum on a variety of disparate animals he decides to inflict it upon himself unless after efforts to return him to permanent visibility fail he and his colleagues struggle to find a cure forwards the mental repercussions take their toll.Despite being inspired and based on H.G Wells original novel, although based in different eras, two films conceal many paralleling sequences depicting the various elements of the invisible instances different states. Some learn examples of this drop be actualizen when the character turns from totally visible to invisible or visa versa. Some clippings an invisible character is wearing visible habilitate and face clothes which interact with other cast members and the environment in shot. both(prenominal) films helped push the bo undaries of the special issueants available in their respective eras and presented untested and exciting challenges to the special put artist in charge of producing them and it is these effect with hind end be credit to the susses of both films.John P. Fulton and Frank D. Williams are the men directly responsible for creating the ground breaking effects seen in the The Invisible Man film. On the 23th of July 1916 F. D. Williams filed a US patent authorize Method of Taking Motion Pictures which detailed a method of fetching motion pictures, and is especially accommodate to produce a picture demonstrate two or more objects in relative positions in which they stick non really been placed(F. D. Williams, 1916. Method of taking motion pictures. U.S. Pat.1,273,435)This address was utilise and adapted as a base to create the bulk of effects which illustrated a partly clothed or bandaged invisible character in the film. To achieve these effect sequences Rains or a forked w ore a tight fitting down(p) velvet suit underneath any clothes which were to remain visible moving somewhat the scene. The actors military operation was then take on a mysterious velvet solid ground a second digestground plate was filmed and a triplex exposure was then used to seamlessly combine the two shoots together, this resulted in the black elements from the number one shot, the valet suit and backdrop being replaced by the background film in the second shoot. This is a very early magnetic declination of an effect forthwith know as commonalty concealment, in modern times an array of different colours, most commonly one thousand, blue and black are used depending on the backdrop and the colour of other elements in the scene for example if the screen is green heavy or an actors dress includes green, a blue backdrop can be used.After the film was finished Fulton admitted the most difficult shot to achieve of the entire film was when the invisible man is seen to un wrap the bandages from around his head in lie of a reverberate. To create this sequences four different takes where used of the actor removing the bandages but with different parts of the set masked in black velvet. The first take was used to captor the surrounding walls and mirrors frame but the mirror glass was masked pop out so it could be captured separately in the second take, the third was of the actors back unwrapping the bandages and the fourth of the actor performing the same unwrapping action but from the front. Each take needed to match in perceptive and view rank to enable them to be merged together into a single shoot.(Now you see himThe Invisible man revealed, 2004. DVD. regular army Universal Studios)A parallel can be draw to this sequence in Hollow Man when efforts to restore the invisible scientist Sebastian Caine philandered by Kevin Bacon fail. His colleges make the ratiocination to create Sebastian a synthetic face mask by pouring liquid latex paint over h is head to help give him a visible presents.There was a lot of discussion about what had been make before in invisible man movies and Paul was very bear on we did not repeat all been done before Alec Gillis(Fleshing out the savvy man, 2007. DVD. capital of the United Kingdom Sony Pictures Home Entertainment)In the Hollow Man special features The Mask, gobbler Woodruff, Jr. from Amalgamated says our main drive was coming up with more or lessthing that looked interchangeable Kevin Bacon but as well looked like some crudely constructed mask(Fleshing out the prod man, 2007. DVD. London Sony Pictures Home Entertainment)The choice to use a latex mask molded to the actors face did indeed make bacon more identifiable to the audience which dose help supercharge ground the entire effect. remote The Invisible Man where bandages are wrapped around Rains head, disguising his characteristic features to the situation where it could be anyone and inevitably allowing the director to cas t doubles in some shots which is noticeable due to the double being taller than rains.To a achieve the effect of liquid latex being poured and conforming around the actors face which would ostensibly to appear out of thin air, The actors face was covered in green body paint which was later digital removed from the plate passing only the latex. According to Alec Gills from Amalgamated Dynamics and Jonathan Erland of Composite Components, experts in green screen technology, a new type of body paint was certain which was used to actively turn Bacon into a walking green screen which in its self was a major maturation to allow the actor to be painted out of many scenes in the film. Many golosh guidelines had to be followed in its creation, the paint had to be durable as comfortably as being safe for actor Bacon to wear during the busy enter schedule. Green vacuum formed pieces of plastic were placed over the actors eye to help protect them from scissors while eye holes were cut in to the mask they also helped in the masking out of Bacons actual to allow the compound of a 3D generated model of the inside of the latex mask to tending the illusion of a hollow interior.(Now you see himThe Invisible man revealed, 2004. DVD. USA Universal Studios)Turning Bacon into his walking green screen state connotet he was able to physically act out all of his scenes even if he was in a fully indivisible state in the film because of high tech digital tv camera used in the enter were able to record their own movements, after a take was filmed the camera was able to automatically re-film the empty background set on the dot based on the pre-recorded tilt pitch and pan data, because this generated an exact facsimile plate make the job of digital removal of Bacon far easier, this in turn allowed the cinematographer to create much more dynamic and kindle camera moves. This also provided bacons fellow actors a precise focus point in a scene which as something just not mathema tical in The Invisible Man as camera had to remain unchanging and Rain was filmed on at black ground and composited back into the sequence later. Filming Bacon in the scene also supplied the special effects aggroup with a great animatic and sparkle reference to match any CG elements to.A second paralleling sequence amid the two films can be seen when the main character passes between the states of visible to invisible. In Hollow Man after developing and successfully testing an invisibility serum on animal subjects, Sebastian decides to take his experiments to the next level, a human trail by inject himself with the serum which triggers the dramatic vicissitude to invisibility, although in reverse this effect sequence is also used in the last scene of The Invisible Man when of Dr. Jack griffin dies the invisibility which has plaged him thought out the film final wears off and his body becomes visible throw death.As Griffin fiance phytology sits down beside his bed the camera c hanges to an Answering Shoot, a proficiency used to show dialogue between two characters. The camera is moved to look over Floras left shoulder, although we the audience start to watch Griffins voice speak his last words we can see Flora is until now in fact looking at a hollow night garment tucked up in bed and an purpose in the pillow where Griffins head ought to be. In this shoot the night shirt is seen subtly rising and falling to indicate breathing but this has not been animated in keeping with the words we can hear Griffin speaking.After a brief snug-up shot of Flora, the camera cuts back to a close up of Griffins imprint in the bed. Almost immediately the transformation takes place and this is the first time in the film the audience see Rains face and after a slow plan back the film ends.This was done directly in the camera, the pillow, the indentation and all was made of daub and the blankets and sheets of papier-mch, a slow long lap dissolve revealed a skeleton in th e closet, a real by the way another lap dissolve replaced the skeleton with a roughly sculpted dummy which suggested the contours of the actor and a further series of dissolves each time using a slightly more finished dummy brought us to the real actor himself John P Fulton DVD commentary.(The Invisible man, DVD 2004. DVD. USA Universal Studios)The potential enigma with using this technique of layering full frames is if any other supposedly still object moves thought out any of frames the in the scene this testament becomes very obvious. This is most notable when the corner of the bed sheet moves between the skull and full face transition. In contrast Hollow man is able to utilise many modern techniques for this transformation from visible to invisibility, most notably computer graphics.In the equivalent scene actor Kevin Bacon character obviously dissolve away multiple different layers of human anatomy effectively dissolve from one layer to the next. His skin gives way to the layers of muscles, tendons, internal organs and eventually only an animated skeleton left thrashing around on the table for a short period before it as well disappears. A scene only made possible by today standards by continually pushing the boundaries of computer graphics.Another thing that made it more difficult for us was the actual occur of data and amount of geometry we had to push though are system, we had to buy better and faster computers to actually handle it Scott Stokdyk, Digital Effects Supervisor(Fleshing out the hollow man, 2007. DVD. London Sony Pictures Home Entertainment)This was a necessary step in the case of Hollow Man as unlike other CG characters generated for feature films which only drive modelling the outer skin of a character, the team at Sony had to go to great lengths to produce all the different individual internal elements of the human body to achieve this effect sequence.Before work on the CG character could begin preliminary research into human an atomy was carried out by the team who looked out medical journals and the work of Dr.Gunther von Hagens who painted a technique for preserving human tissue with polymer which is used in the Body Works exhibitions. The team then started RD testing ways of adding animated controls to models of the human body capable of simulating not only the overall human body movements but also controlling all the individual elements that comprise of the human body. After Kevin Bacon was selected to play the lead role full body cyber scans were generated to match the 3D example which allowed modelling supervisor Wayne Kennedy and the team to match his likeness as close as possible as .But While modelling techniques were still being developed the arising problems meant a separate department, pushing software development and plug-in creation. Modern films produced with digital technology arent as restrictive as in the analogue period, new software can be custom create verbally for a specific task. T he production team worked with Maya to accomplish the majority of 3D work used in the film as another service of the digital workflow, meant custom tools built for the studios pervious film Stuart Little were adapted and applied where needed to Hollow man.(Shay,E., 2000. Hollow Man Disappearing Act.Cinefex,83, 111)(more pictures to be added)(conclusion be rewritten)Although there have only been two scenes discussed, many parallels can be drawn between the two films, in the way the audiences contradict to them, and the effects used. Although due mostly to technological and creative advancement, there are also many differences in how the effects were achieved. One thing can be said for both films though, at the time of their release both films were at the cutting of technology. Keeping the audiences at the edge of their seats in true horror fashion.The Invisible Man used many of the original techniques, which became the basis for modern cinema and would evolve and go on to be used i n Hollow Man almost seven decennarys later. Techniques much(prenominal) as the Williams process or travelling mattes as they are also known. These processes would go on to become green and blue screen techniques used in todays film industry.Like many of the horror classics from the analogue period, The Invisible Man has become very dated. The effects were believable at its time of release they have become less so as the long time have gone by. In some scenes the effects are repose comical in execution by todays standards. The techniques used were also not fool proof, even at the time of production. The use of different lighting set ups used to achieve some composited effects, caused instances of ghosting where the set was visible through with(predicate) the character. These factors have lead to the film becoming less convincing as the years have passed.The same advancement in technologies, has also meant that films such as Hollow Man could be produced reaching new levels of rea lism. securely putting audiences back in the grasps of fear. It took the team at Sony Picture Imageworks over 2 years to create the visual effects used in Hollow Man with the vast development of computers, plugins and software advancements. The finished result keeps Hollow Man on par with films being released a decade later. With further developments in technology and computer generated imagery, it can only mean bigger, better things to come. Keeping audiences on the edge of their seats.Sussce of film made 7 moreRefs(The Invisible man, DVD 2004. DVD. USA Universal Studios)(Now you see himThe Invisible man revealed, 2004. DVD. USA Universal Studios)(Shay,E., 2000. Hollow Man Disappearing Act.Cinefex,83, 111)(Fleshing out the hollow man, 2007. DVD. London Sony Pictures Home Entertainment)(F. D. Williams, 1916. Method of taking motion pictures. U.S. Pat.1,273,435)Rickitt, R., 2000. particular(prenominal) Effects the history and technique. London Virgin Bookshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wik i/The_Invisible_Man_%28film%29http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_ManHollow Man http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0164052/

Government Guidelines on Food and Nutrition for Children

Government Guidelines on Food and maintenance for tiddlerrenQ1) Construct a table to identify the main government guidelines on victuals and nutrtion and evaluate the slipway in which they keep be incorporated into the child c atomic number 18 mise en scene.AnswerFood GroupsFruitsVegetables shredsProtein foods ( meat + beans )DairyBabies 0-6 months pap or gainula milk.6-9 months milk , dairy, water, variety of different textured self-coloured liquidised meals.9 months1 year milk, water, lumpy foods.Daily passport for Grain group.Children 1-3 historic period old 3 snow leopard equivalents4-8 eld 5 apothecaries ounce equivalentsGirls 9-13 geezerhood 5 ounce equivalents14-18 long time 6 ounce equivalentsBoys 9-13 eld 6 ounce equivalents14-18 historic period 8 ounce equivalentsDaily testimonial for Protein foods group.Children 1-3 eld old 2 ounce equivalents4-8 long time 4 ounce equivalentsGirls 9-13 years 5 ounce equivalents14-18 years 5 ounce equivalentsBoys 9- 13 years 5 ounce equivalents14-18 years 6 ounce equivalentsDaily recommendation for Dairy groupChildren 1-3 years old 2 cups4-8 years 2 cupsGirls 9-13 years 3 cups14-18 years 3 cupsBoys 9-13 years 3 cups14-18 years 3 cupsVitamins and MineralsRecommended dietary Allowances for Folate. get along with Male FemaleBirth to 6 months 65 microgram 65 microgram7-12 months 80 microgram 80 microgram1-3 years 150 mcg 150 mcg4-8 years 200 mcg 200 mcg9-13 years 300 mcg 300 mcg14-18 years 400 mcg 400 mcg19+ years 400 mcg 400 mcgRecommended dietetic Allowance for IronBirth to 6 months 0.27 mg 0.27 mg7-12 months 11 mg 11 mg1-3 years 7 mg 7 mg4-8 years 10 mg 10 mg9-13 years 8 mg 8 mg14-18 years 11 mg 15 mgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Magnesium.Birth to 6 months 30 mg 30 mg7-12 months 75 mg 75 mg1-3 years 80 mg 80 mg4-8 years one hundred thirty mg 130 mg9-13 years 240 mg 240 mg14-18 years 410 mg 360 mgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Selenium.0-6 months 15 mcg 15 mcg7-12 months 20 mcg 20 m cg1-3 years 20 mcg 20 mcg4-8 years 30 mcg 30 mcg9-13 years 40 mcg 40 mcg14-18 years 55 mcg 55 mcgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Zinc. Age Male Female0-6 months 2 mg 2 mg7-12 months 3 mg 3 mg1-3 years 3 mg 3 mg4-8 years 5 mg 5 mg9-13 years 8 mg 8 mg14-18 years 11 mg 9 mg19+ years 11 mg 8 mgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin A.0-6 months 400 mcg 400 mcg7-12 months 500 mcg 500 mcg1-3 years 300 mcg 300 mcg4-8 years 400 mcg 400 mcg9-13 years 600 mcg 600 mcg14- 18 years 900 mcg 700 mcgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin B6.0-6 months 0.1 mg 0.1 mg7-12 months 0.3 mg 0.3 mg1-3 years 0.5 mg 0.5 mg4-8 years 0.6 mg 0.6 mg9-13 years 1.0 mg 1.0 mg14-18 years 1.3 mg 1.2 mgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin D.0-12 months 10 mcg 10 mcg1-13 years 15 mcg 15 mcg14-18 years 15 mcg 15 mcgRecommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin E.0-6 months 4 mg 4 mg7-12 months 5 mg 5 mg1-3 years 6 mg 6 mg4-8 years 7 mg 7 mg9-13 years 11 mg 11 mg14+years 15 mg 15 mgQ2) Identify and describe the t ypes of food that are discrepant for babies and young children. You should specify the reasons why these foods are unsuitable.Answer lamb Honey may contain the spores of a type of bacterium called Clostridium botulinus that endure lawsuit a very serious illness in babies.The clostridium botulinum bacteria privy sometimes occur course in honey, and although the bacteria does not grow in the honey and cause problems. It tolerate grow in the gastrointestinal trot of babies less than 1 year of age, and can lead to the medical condition Infant Botulism. flavour and sugar Salt and sugar shouldnt be added to babies food.Processed foods, foods tinned in brine and snacks such as chips. Gravies and stock cubes, not specifically for infants, are very higher(prenominal) in salt. Even small quantities of salt can prove dangerous for babies. This is because at their young age their kidneys are otiose to process the salt in the way that adults kidneys can.Young children should avoid sugar , particularly sugar drinks and snacks.Things such as soft drinks, fizzy drinks prepackaged whatchamacallum foods, foods are very high in sugar which can be potentially harmful to a babies or young childs developing organs, they in both case increase the risk of tooth decay and acid erosion.The following foods should be avoided overdue to the higher risk of food poisoning.*fermented meats*poultry*fish and shellfish* afflictive spr proscri fill ins*raw eggsAll food should be cooked throughly.Eggs are high in protein and because babies have delicate intestine system they can react to the amount of protein found. After 6 mouths well cooked eggs can be give.Large fishes such as swordfish, shark and marlin contain high levels of mercury which can have a detrimental effect on the development of the nervous system.Nuts Nuts should not be given to children under the age of 6 as they can be a potentially fatal choking hazard and peanut allergy. However if there is no history of peanut allergy in the family, they can be given to young children in the form of peanut butter or crushed and added to yogurts or cereals.Q3) Design a child record form for a new child joing a home care setting with specific dietary necessary. Describe the dietary requirements and why it should be put down accurately.AnswerChilds name.Prashant ThakorDietary requirementsIslamic religion. No pork products meat must be proper. foods containg animal fat are not eatenConsequence of the dietary requirement not macrocosm followed.against religion. collar instructions should ingestion of an allergic food occur..N/ANecessary medication N/AEmergency contact informationcontact parents immediately to let them know what happened.Parental signatureChild care provider signatureWhen Prashant starts the home setting, parents need to fill in information sheets just about Prashant and their family religion needs.Prashant can only eat halal meat. This is dietary requirements. Prashant parents need to pu t this in the information pack so the (practioner) is made aware and can have this information on a file. It will then be written up and displayed in the kitchen orbital cavity where the food is prepared.so whoever is preparing the food is aware of all childrens requirements.It is important to make legitimate all childrens dietary requirements are presented this way to make sure they are eating what their parents have specified and not breaking their religion needs. As well children with allergies if this is not displayed in the cooking area or on file, the child may come to harm from having food they shouldnt.Q4) Define the 4 childhood chronic diseases identified in the course manual, and discuss the ways in which development can be effected.Answer asthma attack Asthma is a disease that effects the lungs and airways.Children is asthma, their airways are always slightly inflame compared to other children airways.When children come into contact with dust, animals, smokers or carri ng out daily activities desire PE, running around in the playground, this can lead to them becoming out of soupcon, wheezing, coughing which leads to their airways becoming more than inflamed booster cable to an attack and the children panicking. Children with asthma tend to take medicine or have inhalers to control their asthma, moreover if a attack occurs it does not help.Asthma affects childrens physical development as when running around thisb makes them become wheezy and out of breath leading to them abstracted PE activities or if they have attacks this can result in children missing school and missing out on daily activities and not being able to catch up.Diabetes Diabetes is where the body does not produce enough insulin from the pancreas which is ask to collect glucose to give children the energy to carry out daily activities without skin perceptiveness to tired or ill. There are two types of diabetes.Type 1 diabetes which is controlled on a healthy diet and insulin injections and type 2 is more controlled with just a healthy diet and when the children go into adulthood they may need medication or insulin.Diabetes can affect childrens development because they can become tired and confused which can affect their concentration in school and their learning. In some cases children become frustrated and worried about the affects of their diabetes in school, as at home they may incur bed wetting by accident.They may have a smelly breath and worry about what their peers will say.Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a transmittable disease. It is where to much mucus has built up in the child lungs cause infections and shortness of breath . It can cause delay in a childs growth and to gain weight. The child may have a spate of time off school due to regular injections. almost children big businessman be able to go to school however will not be able to cope playing and PE lessons. rational Palsy Cerebral Palsy is caused by damage to the brain prior to birth, even though the damage does not get any worse, it does not get any better.A child with cerebral palsy demonstrates some physical difficulties because the respective(prenominal) child and their lack of control of their muscles which can lead to stift painful limbs. Some children struggle to walk, run have good posture and even session down with their legs crossed. They struggle to develop the ability to do this due to the muscles and limbs.

Environmental sustainability

environmental sustainabilityABSTRACTUniversities, as centres for readiness responsible and well-educated humans, prep ar students to respond to the intellectual, social, and personal challenges that they exit face in community. To this end, universities will take use of various resources. In this regard, the question which rises is to what extent the earthly concern ahead(p) universities take their environmental state into consideration and how committed they atomic number 18 to environmental sustainability. This newsprint aimed to explore this issue by depicted objecting the human beings big make pass 10 ranked universities. The take up sample included Harvard University (US), University of Cambridge (UK), Yale University (US), University College capital of the United farming (UK), Imperial College capital of the United Kingdom (UK), University of Oxford (UK), University of lolly (US), Princeton University (US), mommy wreak of Technology (US), and atomic number 20 demonstrate of Technology (US). The required data was collected through the subject field summary of the sacksites and annual fields of the mentioned universities. Findings of the paper showed that all the studied universities were involved in a number of various environmental activities and were committed to their environmental responsibilities. The findings of the paper can be a benchmark for other universities. Since the environment is an crucial pillar of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and vital part of sustainability, the findings present grave implications for CSR policy of universities. INTRODUCTIONAll humans withdraw a moral obligation to preserve the planet and there is no plea for doing nothing to improve the environmental state of the globe. This excessively applies to institutions of gameer teaching (Christensen et al., 2009). Organizations such as companies or universities are usually responsible for the knockout environmental degradation we have witnessed (Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar, 2008 Hoffman and Woody, 2008 Haden et al., 2009). no(prenominal)adays, higher upbringing institutions can reasonableness significant environmental impacts (Jabbour, 2010). Many of them, payable to their larger-than-life size, expressive run of people and vehicles, high consumption of materials, and strong development of complex activities, may be considered as small t possesss (Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar, 2008). Therefore higher education institutes have a great environmental responsibility toward society. This could be through training graduates with suitable environmental knowledge as well as environmental plans and programs to rationalize waste and preserve environment. Now, the question which arises is how aware universities are toward their environmental responsibilities toward society. To answer this question, this information will investigate the issue among world top 10 universities through reviewing their website content and annu al subject fields. Although previous studies have been conducted in this area, they are mainly case studies considering only one university. This study, however, considers 10 supranational universities at the same time and tries to provide a general ikon of how aware and responsible world top universities are toward environment. Since the environment is an important pillar of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and vital part of sustainability, the findings of this study have important implications for CSR policy of universities.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UNIVERSITIESSustainability is a class of resource use which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of incoming generations to meet their needs. The main idea of sustainable development is to achieve the dour satisfaction of human needs. Environmental management may be define as the study of all technical and organizational activities aimed at decrease the environmental impact caused by a comp anys business operations (Cramer, 1998, p. 162). Although initially caned for companies, this definition can overly be applied to service field and universities. Universities apply various resources to provide quality education for students. This, in turn, will cause impacts on the environment. Several simple examples of these impacts are electricity consumption, exertion of waste and CO2 emission caused by daily printing of large numbers of papers. A number of dimensions define environmental management examples (Aragn-Correa, 1998 Klassen Angell, 1998 Klassen Whybark, 1999). As Cspedes-Lorente et al. (2003) mention, Peattie and Ringler (1994) drew a distinction between software and ironware environmental activities. Software activities are those focused on organizational issues such us systems, procedures, audits and manuals, whereas hardware activities are concerned with technological change to reduce the environmental impact of the firm. Environmental sustainability refer s to the environmental actions or impacts of what we do. There are a number of studies considering the issues of sustainability and environment in higher education. A study by Wright (2010), examined how a cohort of university presidents and vice-presidents in Canadian universities fancyualize sustainable development, sustainable universities, the role universities play in achieving a sustainable future, cite issues facing the university, and the barriers to implementing sustainability initiatives on campus. They showed that although the absolute majority of participants were well versed in the concept of sustainable development, they were less familiar with the concept of a sustainable university. However, majority of them were dedicated to having their university become more sustainable. The participants also listed financial predicaments, lack of spirit and awareness of sustainability issues amongst the university population, and a resistance to change as the main barriers in the path of sustainability. Pollock et al. (2009) also insisted that complex and ineffective governance, traditional disciplinary boundaries, and the lack of a shared vision at academic institutions a lot hinder universitys progress toward leading the world to a more sustainable and desirable future. Furthermore, a study by Rauch and Newman (2009) in Yale University explored how an institutional target can lead to greater community action and long-term perpetration than if no specific target is established.METHODOLOGYSimilar to a think study by Capriotti and Moreno (2007), this paper used a content analysis methodology to analyze the websites of the top 10 world universities ranked by Times Higher Education (THE, 2009). This investigate studied the content of the university functionary websites and tried to identify universities environmental practices, procedures and plans. To this end, we have reviewed all the related web pages of the universities (including news, media, de partment web pages, etc.) and not just direct links from the homepage.The study sample included Harvard University (US), University of Cambridge (UK), Yale University (US), University College capital of the United Kingdom (UK), Imperial College London (UK), University of Oxford (UK), University of Chicago (US), Princeton University (US), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), and California Institute of Technology (US).FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe findings of this research shows that world leading universities are in some way or another involved in environmental practices and committed to their environmental responsibility. dining table 1 summarizes the diversity of the areas which these universities are involved in. Table 1Environmental practices of studied universitiesEnvironmental Practice12345678910 step-down of greenhouse gas emissionsaaaaaaaaaareducing in the use of fossil fuels and increase in the use of renewable resourcesaaaaaaaaaaWaste recycle and managementaaaaaaaa dr op-off of water useaaaaaaGreen buildings and environmentally responsible architectureaaaaaaaRunning an narrow environmental centre/ networkaaaaaaaaaaReduction of the environmental impact due to the use of paperaaaaIncrease of environmental awareness among staff studentsaaaaaaaaaaMinimisation of environmental impact due to materials and service used by the universityaaaaaaaaMinimisation of environmental impact due to travelaaaMaintenance of university sites in an environmentally sensitive wayaaaaaaGreen purchasing for university procurementaaaaa1 Harvard University (US), 2 University of Cambridge (UK), 3 Yale University (US), 4 University College London (UK), 5 Imperial College London (UK), 6 University of Oxford (UK), 7 University of Chicago (US), 8 Princeton University (US), 9 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), 10 California Institute of Technology (US).With the growing concern on climate change almost the globe, most of the universities are taking this issue into consi deration. For instance, Harvard University monitors and publishes its greenhouse gas emissions statistics across its various schools in North America campus. As shown in their report (Harvard, 2008), the university managed to totally decrease its greenhouse gas emission to the amount of -2.3% in year 2008 compared to year 2006 in their North America campus. At Harvard, they also notice the issue of green buildings through defining Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects. As mentioned in their environmental report (ibid.), LEED is a rating system for green buildings and provides a nationally accredited third-party verification that a building project meets the highest performance standards. Similarly, in University of Cambridge, a student network named Architecture sans Frontires (ASF) considers the possibilities of a new socially and environmentally responsible architecture. Through lectures and exhibitions, this network aims to get people view about how bui ldings can respond to the needs of society and the environment (Cambridge, 2007). Yale University also has an office of sustainability where they run various projects such as LEED rating. Similarly, California Institute of Technology utilizes the LEED standard to ensure its buildings meet and maintain a high level of energy, water and resource efficiency. In another instance, Imperial College London was recognised by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) for the efforts of the Facilities counselling department to reduce its carbon production. Interestingly, University of Chicago has an interesting website called green devolve where they provide information related to health and environmental topics at the University of Chicago and share tips with visitors on how to live a greener life (Chicago, 2006). The university also provided eco-tip of the calendar month in its website. Overall, all the studied universities take their environmental responsibility s everely and are involved in this regard. CONCLUSIONThis study showed that world leading universities are aware of their environmental impacts and have taken essential stairs toward sustainability. Many of them have defined annual plans with objectives to achieve. This can be considered as a benchmark for other universities around the globe. However, the key to success of such plans is commitment from all levels of management specially top leaders. As discussed by Wickenberg (2006) and cited by Axelsson et al. (2008), the norm support given by the leaders of the universities is necessary and crucial to success in topical anesthetic implementation of sustainability plans. This is supported by the research of Christensen et al. (2009) who showed that in spite of adopting an environmental policy and signing an organisation to work for sustainable universities, Aalborg University (Denmark) failed to reach its objectives due to the lack of commitment from top management, the missing acc eptance from technical staff, and a narrow understanding of the universitys environmental impacts. Other universities and their leaders can benchmark these plans and culture to organize their own sustainability and environmental plans. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe first author would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for living this research through providing Vice-Chancellor Award. 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